Nearly everything respawns, but on different timers.

Trees regrow from stumps quickly Stumped trees regrow after a week

Copper and silver nodes reapper after a week

Stones reappear after a week

If you hover over the tag item left behing it will show a timer - most times

To prevent respawn of a destroyed object put up a ward, or a workbench.
This blocks it in its vanila radius - the visiual ring in the game
Nothing else will block it
e.g. to stop large rocks, copper nodes, destroyed trees(stump removed), buildings etc.

The Vanilla items that suppress respawning are unchanged e.g. Torches, campfires, workbenches etc

Dirt, raised or lowered (dug out) does not respawn